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The 5 Best Ashwagandha Supplements of 2025

Expert Review & Research Assistance

This guide incorporates insights and preliminary research contributions from Justina Owusu, PhD, RDN, a nutrition scientist and registered dietitian. Dr. Owusu provided expert consultation on ashwagandha extract selection, dosing rationale, and adaptogenic mechanisms related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis [9]. Her input helped ensure the scientific accuracy and balance of this guide’s evidence-based recommendations.

Introduction

If you feel like managing daily stress has become a full-time job, you’re not alone. I get it. My own journey into wellness started from this exact feeling of frustration, searching for something that actually works. Many of us are turning to ancient wisdom, and ashwagandha has emerged as a well-researched adaptogen that truly makes a difference [9].

But walking down the supplement aisle—or scrolling online—is overwhelming. Which brand is trustworthy? Is KSM-66® better than Sensoril®? This guide is my answer to that noise. I’ve spent the time analyzing the research and vetting the top products so you can feel confident making an informed choice.

How I Vetted These Supplements

My recommendations aren’t based on paid placements or marketing hype. They are the result of a deliberate, evidence-based process that reflects both published research and Dr. Owusu’s expert guidance on extract validation and purity standards.

Clinically-Validated Extracts: KSM-66® and Sensoril®have been repeatedly studied in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trials showing reductions in stress and cortisol levels [1, 2, 3, 5, 6].The most effective dose range observed across trials is between 300 mg and 600 mg per day of a standardized root extract [1,2].
Independent Third-Party Testing: This is non-negotiable. I required proof that an independent lab verified the supplement’s purity and potency. It’s the only way to be certain you’re getting what you pay for, and that it’s safe.
Science-Backed Dosage: The dosage had to align with what clinical studies found to be effective, which is typically 300-600mg per day [1, 2]. I filtered out any products that were underdosed or made it difficult to find this information.
Clean, Minimalist Formulas: The goal is to improve our well-being, not add synthetic junk to our bodies. I prioritized supplements with clean labels and no unnecessary fillers, colors, or artificial additives.

First, The Essentials: What Ashwagandha Is (and How to Spot a Good One)

What Exactly is Ashwagandha?

Ashwagandha is not a new-age trend—it’s an ancient Ayurvedic herb known as an adaptogen, meaning it helps your body regulate stress by modulating the HPA axis, the hormonal pathway controlling cortisol [9]. Dr. Owusu explains this as “helping the thermostat of the body’s stress system find balance.”

Clinical studies consistently show ashwagandha can lower cortisol and perceived stress in healthy adults [1, 2, 3]. Standardized extracts also improve sleep quality by reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation [5, 6]. Other studies show cognitive and memory benefits, possibly from antioxidant and neuroprotective effects [7, 8].

The Benefits I Focus On (Backed by Science)

While traditional medicine lists dozens of uses, I anchor my recommendations in what modern research has validated. For me, it comes down to three core benefits:

Dialing Down Stress & Anxiety: This is its claim to fame. Strong clinical studies show Ashwagandha helps lower cortisol (the “stress hormone”). The result is you feel less ‘on edge’ and more centered [1, 2, 3].
Clearing Mental Fog: Stress doesn’t just feel bad; it clouds our thinking. Research shows Ashwagandha can sharpen focus, quicken memory, and improve your ability to get things done. It helps you find clarity amidst the chaos [7, 8].
Promoting Restful Sleep: If your mind starts racing the moment your head hits the pillow, this is for you. Ashwagandha doesn’t force sleep; it helps quiet the stress and anxiety that prevent it, allowing you to drift off naturally [5,6].

A Look Inside My Vetting Process

To separate the truly effective from the marketing hype, I evaluated every supplement against four non-negotiable standards. This is the exact process I used:

1. Clinically-Studied Extract

Most successful human trials used specific, patented extracts like KSM-66® or Sensoril®. These are standardized to guarantee a precise amount of active compounds (withanolides). If a product didn’t use a clinically validated extract, I didn’t consider it.

2. Third-Party Testing

In a poorly regulated industry, this is the only way to guarantee safety and potency. I required proof that an independent lab checked the product for purity and confirmed it contains what the label says it does. This is non-negotiable.

3. Effective Dosage

Research consistently points to a ‘therapeutic window’ of 300-600mg per day [1, 2] for stress relief. I filtered out any supplements that were underdosed or made it difficult to achieve this effective dose with a reasonable number of capsules.

4. Clean Ingredients & No Fillers

Why take something for your health if it’s full of junk? I looked for pure formulas and rejected products loaded with synthetic fillers, unnecessary binders (like magnesium stearate), or artificial colors. The cleaner, the better.

The 5 Best Ashwagandha Supplements of 2025

1. Pure Encapsulations Ashwagandha

The Practitioner’s Choice for Ultimate Purity

A Solid Choice for Maximum Purity

If you’re particularly concerned about purity—whether due to allergies or sensitivities—this brand has earned a strong reputation in the practitioner community.

Pure Encapsulations shows up frequently in functional medicine offices and pharmacies, and there’s a reason for that: they’re known for rigorous quality control and extensive testing. Their supplements consistently meet high standards for purity.

I should mention that this doesn’t use the patented KSM-66® extract. Instead, it uses a standardized ashwagandha root extract (2.5% withanolides) that’s thoroughly tested in-house and by independent labs. If you need a hypoallergenic option with minimal additives, this is worth considering.

Extract Type

Standardized to 2.5% Withanolides

Dosage

500 mg per capsule

Third-Party Tested

Yes

Vegan

Yes

Approx. Price

~$$$

Why this might work for you:

Practitioner-trusted: Commonly recommended by healthcare providers who value quality control and transparent testing
Minimal formula: Contains just ashwagandha root extract and a vegetable capsule—no fillers, binders, or common allergens
Effective dosage: The 500 mg dose falls within the range shown to be effective in clinical research for stress support

Things to consider:

Higher price point: This is one of the pricier options, reflecting the extensive testing and hypoallergenic formulation
Different from study extracts: Uses a standardized extract rather than the specific KSM-66® or Sensoril® featured in many clinical trials

2. NutraBio Ashwagandha KSM-66

The No-Nonsense Pick for Proven Performance

When You Want the Most-Researched Extract

If you’re looking for the ashwagandha extract that appears most frequently in clinical studies, this is a straightforward choice.

NutraBio uses KSM-66®, the root-only extract featured in numerous stress and performance studies, at the full 600 mg dose used in that research. The brand comes from sports nutrition, where detailed labeling and third-party testing are standard practice, and they apply those same standards here.

This gives you the extract and dosage most directly connected to published research findings—at a more accessible price point than many comparable options.

Extract Type

KSM-66® (Root Only)

Dosage

600 mg per capsule

Third-Party Tested

Yes

Vegan

Yes

Approx. Price

~$$

Why this might work for you:

Study-backed dosage: Contains 600 mg of KSM-66®, matching the amount used in clinical trials examining stress response and cognitive function
Transparent labeling: All ingredients are disclosed with specific amounts—no proprietary blends or hidden ingredients
Full clinical dose: Provides the higher end of the effective range in a single capsule, making it convenient for daily use
Good value: Offers a well-researched extract at a moderate price point

Things to consider:

Sports nutrition branding: The brand’s aesthetic is rooted in sports performance. While the quality is top-notch, it may not appeal to everyone

3. Nature’s Bounty Ashwagandha KSM-66

The Smart Budget Buy for Everyday Calm

An Affordable Option with Added L-Theanine

If you’re looking for an accessible entry point without specialty pricing, this widely-available option combines two well-studied ingredients.

Nature’s Bounty pairs 600 mg of KSM-66® ashwagandha with 200 mg of L-Theanine, an amino acid known for promoting calm focus. This combination addresses stress from two angles—ashwagandha supports your stress response system, while L-Theanine may help quiet mental chatter. You’ll find it at most drugstores and grocery chains.

The main trade-offs are the tablet formulation (which requires more binders than capsules) and the use of milk in processing, which makes it unsuitable for those avoiding dairy.

Extract Type

KSM-66® Ashwagandha

Dosage

600 mg Ashwagandha, 200 mg L-Theanine (per 2-tablet serving)

Contains Milk

Yes

Approx. Price

Why this might work for you:

Complementary ingredients: Combines ashwagandha’s stress-adaptation support with L-Theanine’s calming effects for daytime use
Budget-friendly: Among the more affordable options that use the clinically-studied KSM-66® extract
Widely available: Carried by most major drugstores and retailers, making it easy to purchase

Things to consider:

Not dairy-free: KSM-66® extraction involves milk, so this isn’t suitable for vegans or those with dairy allergies or sensitivities
Tablet formulation: Contains more binding agents than capsule-based products, which is typical for maintaining tablet stability at this price point

4. Gaia Herbs Ashwagandha Root

The Holistic Choice for the Plant-Purist

For Those Who Prefer Whole-Plant Supplements

If you lean toward traditional herbalism and value organic sourcing, this approach takes a different path than standardized extracts.

Gaia Herbs uses a full-spectrum blend that includes both organic ashwagandha root powder and a gentle extract. Rather than concentrating a high dose of withanolides (the active compounds), this formula aims to preserve more of the plant’s natural compound profile. The result is a lower-potency option that’s designed for gradual, foundational support.

The brand offers notable transparency—their “Meet Your Herbs®” program lets you trace the origin and purity testing of the specific herbs in your bottle.

Extract Type

Full-spectrum blend of organic root & extract

Dosage

350 mg Ashwagandha (yielding 2.5 mg of withanolides) per capsule

USDA Organic

Yes

Vegan

Yes

Purity-Tested & Transparent

Yes

Approx. Price

Why this might work for you:

Whole-plant approach: Combines root powder and extract to include a broader range of the plant’s natural compounds
Excellent traceability: The “Meet Your Herbs®” program provides detailed sourcing and testing information for each batch
Gentler dosage: Lower withanolide content makes this suitable for those new to ashwagandha or preferring a milder approach
USDA certified organic: Grown without synthetic pesticides and processed according to organic standards

Things to consider:

Lower potency: Contains significantly less active compounds than concentrated extracts like KSM-66®, making it better suited for general wellness than acute stress
Different philosophy: Takes a traditional whole-herb approach rather than targeting specific clinical dosages

5. Himalaya Organic Ashwagandha

The Traditionalists’ Choice for Full-Spectrum Potency

Blending Traditional Methods with Modern Extraction

If you’re interested in both traditional herbalism and modern extraction techniques, this option takes a multi-method approach.

Himalaya combines three forms of ashwagandha in one formula: organic root powder (traditional), an aqueous extract (water-based), and a supercritical CO2 extract (which uses pressure instead of chemical solvents to capture fat-soluble compounds). The goal is to preserve a wider range of the plant’s natural components while still providing a meaningful withanolide dose (8 mg per caplet).

The brand oversees the entire process from seed to bottle, and the product is USDA organic certified. One notable consideration: it contains wheat, which limits who can use it.

Extract Type

Organic blend of root powder, aqueous extract, and CO₂ extract

Dosage

670 mg blend (yielding >8 mg of withanolides) per caplet

USDA Organic

Yes

Vegan

Yes

Third-Party Tested

Yes

Approx. Price

Why this might work for you:

Multiple extraction methods: Combines traditional powder, water extraction, and CO2 extraction to capture different plant compounds
Vertical integration: Company controls cultivation, harvesting, and processing of organic, non-GMO seeds
Moderate potency: The 8 mg withanolide content falls within clinically-studied ranges for stress support
Good value for organic: Competitively priced for a USDA organic product with this formulation complexity

Things to consider:

Contains wheat: Not suitable for anyone with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity—an unusual ingredient in ashwagandha supplements
Proprietary blend: Uses its own extraction method rather than standardized KSM-66® or Sensoril®, so it doesn’t directly match specific study protocols

How I Chose the Best Ashwagandha Supplements

My Methodology: A 5-Pillar Vetting Process

All five recommendations passed a five-pillar vetting framework based on ingredient integrity, third-party purity verification, intelligent formulation, real-world performance, and honest value. The therapeutic window of 300–600 mg/day for standardized root extracts is well supported by human data [1][2][3]. Dosage alignment was confirmed through peer-reviewed research and corroborated by Dr. Owusu’s extract selection notes [9].

1. Ingredient Integrity & Effective Dosage

The foundation of any good supplement is what’s inside. For ashwagandha, this meant scrutinizing three things:

The Form: Is it a clinically-studied extract like KSM-66®? A traditional root powder? A full-spectrum blend? Each has its own benefits, and I looked for brands that were intentional in their choice.
The Dose: Does the dosage align with what has been shown to be effective in clinical research (typically 300-600 mg of a quality extract) [1, 2, 3]?
The Potency: Does the brand clearly state the amount of active withanolides? This is a key indicator of a product’s potential strength and effectiveness.

2. Brand Transparency & Purity Testing

Trust is earned, not given. I prioritize brands that operate with total transparency. A product was immediately favored if the brand could prove its purity. This includes:

Third-Party Testing: I looked for companies that voluntarily send their products to independent labs to test for potency and purity.
Proof of Purity: The best brands make their Certificates of Analysis (COAs) available, proving their ashwagandha is free from contaminants like heavy metals, pesticides, and microbial toxins.
Clear Labeling: No hiding behind vague “proprietary blends.” You deserve to know the exact amount of every single ingredient you are taking.

3. Intelligent Formulation

Beyond just the main ingredient, I looked at how the product was formulated as a whole.

Clean Excipients: Were there any unnecessary fillers, artificial colors, or controversial additives? Products like Pure Encapsulations excel here by being exceptionally clean.
Synergistic Blends: In products that weren’t pure ashwagandha, I analyzed the other active ingredients. For example, the inclusion of L-Theanine in the Nature’s Bounty formula is a thoughtful addition backed by science for its calming properties.

4. Real-World User Experience

A product can look perfect on paper, but the real test is its performance in daily life. I invested dozens of hours analyzing verified customer reviews on independent retail sites and forums. I wasn’t just looking for star ratings; I was searching for patterns related to:

Effectiveness: Did users consistently report positive effects on stress, sleep, and energy?
Side Effects: Were there any common complaints about digestive issues, drowsiness, or other adverse effects?
Overall Experience: Was the product easy to take? Were there issues with quality control or customer service?

5. Honest Value

“Value” isn’t just about finding the cheapest option—a bargain isn’t a bargain if it doesn’t work or isn’t safe. I define value as the ideal intersection of price, quality, dosage, and trust. This is why a premium, hypoallergenic product like Pure Encapsulations can be a great value for a sensitive individual, while a highly affordable option like Nature’s Bounty can be the best value for someone starting out. Every product on this list offers outstanding value for a specific need.

Frequently Asked Questions About Ashwagandha

What is ashwagandha and what does it do?

Ashwagandha is an ancient medicinal herb central to Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine in India. It’s best known as an adaptogen, which means it helps your body manage and adapt to stress more effectively. Think of it as a thermostat for your body’s stress response. Rather than being a simple stimulant or sedative, it works by helping to regulate physiological processes, most notably by lowering cortisol levels—your primary stress hormone.

Modern research primarily supports its use for:

Reducing Stress and Anxiety [1,2,3]
Improving Sleep Quality [5,6]
Enhancing Cognitive and Physical Performance [7,8]

How long does it take for ashwagandha to work?

Patience is key. Ashwagandha’s benefits accumulate over time with consistent use. Most participants in controlled studies notice measurable improvements after 4–8 weeks of consistent daily use [1, 2, 5, 6], more significant changes in sleep, cognitive function, or physical performance often require 8-12 weeks of consistent daily use [1, 2, 5, 6]

What is the best time of day to take ashwagandha?

This depends on your primary goal.

For General Stress Relief: Take it in the morning with breakfast to help manage cortisol throughout the day.
For Improved Sleep: Take it in the evening, about 30-60 minutes before bed, to help quiet a racing mind.
For Steady, All-Day Support: Some people split their dose, taking half in the morning and half in the evening. Start with the time that aligns with your goal and don’t be afraid to adjust.

What's the difference between KSM-66®, Sensoril®, and traditional root powder?

This is an excellent question that gets to the heart of what makes each supplement different.

Traditional Root Powder: This is the whole, dried root ground into a powder, offering the plant’s full spectrum of compounds. It’s less concentrated in withanolides but is the most traditional form.
KSM-66®: The market’s most-researched extract, KSM-66® is a root-only extract associated with daytime stress and performance benefits [1][4]. It’s known for its balanced ability to reduce stress while improving focus and performance. It is calming without being overly sedating.
Sensoril®: Uses both root and leaf extracts and is better documented for sleep enhancement and evening relaxation [5][6]. It’s standardized to a higher concentration of withanolides, which can make it feel more potent and sedating, making it a popular choice for sleep-focused formulas.

How much ashwagandha should I take?

Based on clinical research, a typical daily dose of a standardized root extract is 300 to 600 mg [1, 2]. The best practice is to “start low and go slow.” Begin with 300 mg per day for a few weeks to see how your body responds before considering an increase. Always follow the specific instructions on your product’s label and consult your doctor to determine the right dose for you.

What are the potential side effects, and who should avoid ashwagandha?

Generally well tolerated in clinical trials [10][11], but those with thyroid disorders should consult a physician before use [12].
Pregnant or breastfeeding women, and individuals with autoimmune conditions, should avoid it unless directed by a healthcare provider.

However, you should avoid ashwagandha and consult a healthcare professional if you fall into these groups [10,11]:

Pregnant or breastfeeding.
Diagnosed with an autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Hashimoto’s).
Taking medication for a thyroid disorder.
Scheduled for surgery within two weeks.

What's the difference between ashwagandha powders, capsules, and gummies?

Capsules: The most popular choice. They are tasteless, convenient, and provide an accurate dose.
Powders: The most cost-effective and versatile option, but the strong, earthy taste is a major drawback for many.
Gummies: The best-tasting option, but they almost always contain added sugars and are often lower in potency and higher in cost.

Do I need to take a break from ashwagandha?

While not strictly required, cycling (taking a planned break) is a smart practice. It helps maintain the supplement’s effectiveness by preventing tolerance and allows you to assess how you feel without it. A common approach is to take it for 2-3 months, then take a 2-4 week break. Another method is to take it for 5 days and rest for 2 days each week.

How to Take Ashwagandha for the Best Results (A Practical Guide)

Important Disclaimer: The following information is for educational purposes only and is not medical advice. The guidance provided here is based on clinical research and common user experiences. Always consult with your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional before starting any new supplement. They can help you determine the right approach for your specific health needs and ensure it won’t interact with any existing conditions or medications.

Once you and your doctor have decided that ashwagandha is right for you, following a few best practices can significantly improve your experience and results.

Take your ashwagandha with food—preferably something containing healthy fats—to aid withanolide absorption (Owusu, pers. comm.) [9].
Morning dosing supports stress management throughout the day [1][3], while evening use may improve sleep quality [5][6].
Long-term use is safe up to three months of continuous intake [10][11], but Dr. Owusu suggests cycling (2–3 months on, 2–4 weeks off) to maintain sensitivity and effectiveness [10][11].

1. Start Low and Go Slow

This is the golden rule for any new supplement. Don’t start with the highest recommended dose. A standard clinical dose is typically between 300-600 mg of a standardized extract per day. A sensible starting point is 300 mg once daily. Maintain this dose for at least two weeks to give your body ample time to adjust and to gauge your individual response before considering an increase. Many find this initial dose is all they need.

2. Be Patient and Consistent

Ashwagandha is an adaptogen, not a quick fix. It works by gradually helping your body’s systems find balance. To see meaningful benefits, consistency is crucial. Make it a part of your daily routine—like brushing your teeth—and stick with it. Expect to wait at least 4-8 weeks to fully evaluate its effects on your stress levels, sleep, and overall well-being.

3. Time It to Your Goal (and Take It with Food)

As mentioned in the FAQ, timing can help tailor the effects to your primary goal.

Morning with breakfast: For all-day stress management and focus.
Evening before bed: For improved sleep quality.

Regardless of timing, always try to take ashwagandha with a meal or a small snack. This can enhance absorption and significantly reduce the risk of the most common side effect: mild stomach upset.

4. Listen to Your Body

Pay attention to how you feel. Are you calmer during the day? Is your sleep more restful? Do you feel overly drowsy in the morning? Your personal experience is the most valuable data you have. If you feel great on a lower dose, there’s no need to increase it. If you experience any unwanted side effects, stop taking it and consult your doctor.

5. Consider Cycling for Long-Term Use

For long-term users, “cycling” is a smart strategy to maintain the supplement’s effectiveness. This involves taking a planned break. A common and effective cycle is to take ashwagandha for 2-3 months [10, 11], followed by a 2-4 week break. This helps “reset” your body’s sensitivity and allows you to confirm it’s still providing a tangible benefit [10, 11].

The Bottom Line

From the ancient traditions of Ayurveda to the forefront of modern wellness, ashwagandha has earned its place as a uniquely powerful adaptogen. Its primary strength lies in its ability to help your body build resilience to stress, promoting a sense of calm, enhancing sleep quality, and supporting cognitive function—all without the jolts or crashes of stimulants.

However, unlocking these benefits requires a smart and informed approach. The key to success isn’t just taking ashwagandha—it’s taking the right ashwagandha. By choosing a high-quality, standardized root extract like Standardized extracts like KSM-66® and Sensoril® have shown consistent improvements in stress, sleep, and overall resilience when used within studied doses [1, 2, 5, 6]. As Dr. Owusu summarizes, “Ashwagandha doesn’t just blunt stress—it helps the body learn calm.” Starting with a sensible dose (typically 300-600 mg daily) [1,2], you set yourself up for the best possible outcome.

As powerful as it is, ashwagandha is a tool, not a panacea. It works best as part of a holistic lifestyle that includes a balanced diet, exercise, and good sleep hygiene. Most importantly, it is essential to consult with your healthcare provider before adding any new supplement to your routine to ensure it’s a safe and appropriate choice for you.

Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement to ensure safety and appropriate use [10,11,12]. Used wisely and thoughtfully, ashwagandha can be a profound ally in your journey toward a more balanced, resilient, and centered life.

The information in this article is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider before starting any new supplement. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product/information is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.”

References:

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[2] Salve, J., Pate, S., Debnath, K., & Langade, D. (2019). Adaptogenic and anxiolytic effects of ashwagandha root extract in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Cureus, 11(12), e6466. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6466

[3] Lopresti, A. L., Smith, S. J., Malvi, H., & Kodgule, R. (2019). Stress-relieving and pharmacological actions of an ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore), 98(37), e17186. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017186

[4] Wankhede, S., Langade, D., Joshi, K., Sinha, S. R., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2015). Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0104-9

[5] Deshpande, A., Irani, N., Balkrishnan, R., & Benny, I. R. (2020). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effects of ashwagandha (Sensoril®) on sleep quality in healthy adults. Sleep Medicine, 72, 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.03.012

[6] Langade, D., Thakare, V., Kanchi, S., & Kelgane, S. (2021). Clinical evaluation of the pharmacological impact of ashwagandha root extract on sleep in healthy volunteers and insomnia patients: A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 264, 113276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113276

[7] Choudhary, D., Bhattacharyya, S., & Bose, S. (2017). Efficacy and safety of ashwagandha root extract in improving memory and cognitive functions. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 14(6), 599–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2017.1284970

[8] Gopukumar, K., Thanawala, S., Somepalli, V., Rao, T. S. S., Thamatam, V. B., & Chauhan, S. (2021). Efficacy and safety of ashwagandha root extract on cognitive functions in healthy, stressed adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, 8254344. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8254344

[9] Dar, N. J., Hamid, A., & Ahmad, M. (2015). Pharmacologic overview of Withania somnifera, the Indian ginseng. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 72(23), 4445–4460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-2012-1

[10] Verma, N., Gupta, S. K., Tiwari, S., & Mishra, A. K. (2021). Safety of ashwagandha root extract: A randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy volunteers. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 57, 102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102642

[11] Tandon, N., & Yadav, S. S. (2020). Safety and clinical effectiveness of Withania somnifera root in human ailments: A review of clinical studies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 255, 112768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112768

[12] Sharma, A. K., Basu, I., & Singh, S. (2018). Efficacy and safety of ashwagandha root extract in subclinical hypothyroid patients: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 24(3), 243–48. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2017.0183